Higher Vertabrates
Phylum Annelida
1. What is the name of the pumping organs of an earthworm?
-The Five Pairs of Aortic Arches
2. In the earthworm, trace the parts of the digestive tract through which food passes.
- Comes in contact with the Prostomium> Enter through Mouth> Enters the Pharynx> Goes through the Esophagus> Enters the Crop where minimal digestion and Food Storage occurs> Enter the Gizzard where mechanical digestion occurs and completely breaks down the soil> Then goes into the intestine where the nutrients are absorbed and travel to the anus> The waste is excreted through the anus
3. Which of the parts of the earthworm’s body that you saw are included in the excretory system?
-The anus and Nerphriduim (primitive kidney) is included in the excretory system
4. Among the earthworm’s structural adaptations are its setae. How do you think the earthworm’s setae make it well adapted to its habitat?
-The setae helps the earthworm adapt to his habitat by giving it some type of means of movement. The bristle push past surfaces to exert the worm forward. The setae has friction which all the worm to grasp upon the surface with traction, therefore not letting it fall back when trying to progress forward.
5. How is the earthworm’s digestive system adapted for extracting relatively small amounts of food from large amounts of ingested soil?
-The complete digestive system for the earthworm is able to extract relatively small amounts of food from large amounts of ingested soil by travelling through the soil and passing it through its tubular digestive tract, using the gizzard to grind it for nutrients and into small pieces. The smaller the pieces and smaller the surface area, the easier it is for enzymes to digest, and since the intestine is so long, it has an abounded time to absorb.
6. What did each germ layer develop into in the earthworm?
-The germ layers developed to=
-Ectoderm (epidermis) - skin and nervous system
-Mesoderm- circular and longitudinal muscles, middle organs
- Endoderm- intestine and other digestive organs
7. What is the function of the nephridium? How does it complete this function?
-The nerpidium is a part of the excretory system which acts like a simple kidney that excretes metabolic waste
8. How is the sandworm similar and different to the earthworm?
- The sandworm compared to the earthworm shows similarities and differences. Though earthworms include seta, they are not as developed and not in such quantity as they are found in sandworms. Their seta have been modified and developed to feel like structures called parapoda (fake feet). Also sandworms have a trace of a respitory system as they have developed crude gills from their parapodas. Earthworms do not have this structure. Since sandworms have gills they must be of a marine class, while earthworms are terrestrial and found in moist soil. Some similarities are they are not segmented free living hermaphroditic worms that have a coelom and same internal organs.
9. How is the leech designed to live as an ectoparasite? What are the similarities and differences between the leech and the earthworm?
The leech, part of class Hirudnea, lives as an ectoparastite (a parasite living outside of an organism) living on human blood and lives in a marine environment, While an earthworm is a free living organism which lives and feeds of soil for nutrients. Yet both are bilateral, segmented, triploblastic and coelomates which fall under phylum Annelida
-The Five Pairs of Aortic Arches
2. In the earthworm, trace the parts of the digestive tract through which food passes.
- Comes in contact with the Prostomium> Enter through Mouth> Enters the Pharynx> Goes through the Esophagus> Enters the Crop where minimal digestion and Food Storage occurs> Enter the Gizzard where mechanical digestion occurs and completely breaks down the soil> Then goes into the intestine where the nutrients are absorbed and travel to the anus> The waste is excreted through the anus
3. Which of the parts of the earthworm’s body that you saw are included in the excretory system?
-The anus and Nerphriduim (primitive kidney) is included in the excretory system
4. Among the earthworm’s structural adaptations are its setae. How do you think the earthworm’s setae make it well adapted to its habitat?
-The setae helps the earthworm adapt to his habitat by giving it some type of means of movement. The bristle push past surfaces to exert the worm forward. The setae has friction which all the worm to grasp upon the surface with traction, therefore not letting it fall back when trying to progress forward.
5. How is the earthworm’s digestive system adapted for extracting relatively small amounts of food from large amounts of ingested soil?
-The complete digestive system for the earthworm is able to extract relatively small amounts of food from large amounts of ingested soil by travelling through the soil and passing it through its tubular digestive tract, using the gizzard to grind it for nutrients and into small pieces. The smaller the pieces and smaller the surface area, the easier it is for enzymes to digest, and since the intestine is so long, it has an abounded time to absorb.
6. What did each germ layer develop into in the earthworm?
-The germ layers developed to=
-Ectoderm (epidermis) - skin and nervous system
-Mesoderm- circular and longitudinal muscles, middle organs
- Endoderm- intestine and other digestive organs
7. What is the function of the nephridium? How does it complete this function?
-The nerpidium is a part of the excretory system which acts like a simple kidney that excretes metabolic waste
8. How is the sandworm similar and different to the earthworm?
- The sandworm compared to the earthworm shows similarities and differences. Though earthworms include seta, they are not as developed and not in such quantity as they are found in sandworms. Their seta have been modified and developed to feel like structures called parapoda (fake feet). Also sandworms have a trace of a respitory system as they have developed crude gills from their parapodas. Earthworms do not have this structure. Since sandworms have gills they must be of a marine class, while earthworms are terrestrial and found in moist soil. Some similarities are they are not segmented free living hermaphroditic worms that have a coelom and same internal organs.
9. How is the leech designed to live as an ectoparasite? What are the similarities and differences between the leech and the earthworm?
The leech, part of class Hirudnea, lives as an ectoparastite (a parasite living outside of an organism) living on human blood and lives in a marine environment, While an earthworm is a free living organism which lives and feeds of soil for nutrients. Yet both are bilateral, segmented, triploblastic and coelomates which fall under phylum Annelida
Phylum Mollusca
How are arms and tentacles similar and different?
Tentacles and arms share both similarities and differences. Physically, the arms are much shorter while tentacles extend beyond, but they both have minute circular suctions cups on their surface which allows them to grasp prey. High on the tentacles there are both at the tips while they surround the arms entire length. In their position, they both are found attached to the foot of e squid, even though in cephalopods the foot is not as noticeable as other classes such as the bivalves. In numbers arms and tentacles both differ, since there is eight arms while there is only two tentacles How are cephalopods similar and different to bivalves? The cephalopods and bivalves are both members of phylum Mollusca, but they do have both similarities and differences. While cephalopods are predators that hunt for pry, bivalves are filter feeder which extract food from the water they respire. Circulatory wise, bivalves have an open circulatory system (through sinuses) while cephalopods have a closed circulatory system (encased in blood vessels). Another system which they widely differ is nervous. Bivalves are sessile creatures with minimum sensory abilities, which since they secrete a large exterior shell (which cephalopods do not have) they are mostly protected in their environments which they stay in for majority of their life. Cephalopods however, are motile and must find prey, which gives them a large demand for highly complex sensory skills. Cephalopods are the first animals which have the capability to learn. Yet they both doo have the defining traits for their phylum, which is a ventral muscular foot, a tissue layer called the mantle and a large visceral mass (gathering of the internal organs) Was your squid female or male? How did you determine this? When we had done our dissection, we determined that our squid specimen was in fact female. We proved this by opening the squid’s mantle and examining its reproductive organs. What first caught our eye was the immense amount of eggs, which were found in the squids ovaries. Also w had found a reproductive organ called a nidamental gland. We completely confirmed the squid’s gender once we had taken a tour of their classmate’s dissections and seeing male’s squids and what organs they displayed. Trace the path of food through your squid Arms/ tentacles for grasping prey>enters through mouth>Beak opens> food goes down esophagus> the digestive glands secrete digestive enzymes> the food enters the intestine> finally enters the stomach for complete digestion> excreted out through tube shaped nepridia (metabolic waste/ammonia) or anus (solid waste) Why are brachial hearts so close to the gills? Squids, or molluscs, do not have such a complex and coordinated circulatory as the more advanced such as us, the placental mammals, therefore their circulatory system is divided between three hearts. There is a heart found in both gills, and one central main heart. It allows the closed circulatory system to circulate blood faster and more oxygen from the gills to the rest of the body, allowing the cephalopod to be more active. |
Phylum Arthropoda
1. How many pairs of appendages do crayfish have?
15
2. How does the thickness of the exoskeleton around the joint compare with the thickness around the rest of the leg?
The exoskeleton is thinner around the joint compared to the thickness of the rest of the leg because the muscles and tendons need to be more flexible here, allowing the crayfish to flex its appendages, providing a greater range of motion.
3. Circle the correct sex of your crayfish.
My crayfish is Female because the first pair of swimmeretes was petite and not very different from the rest. They had a feathery quality. Also there was ovarian hole present, a structure only found in females.
4. Why is there so much surface area on the gills of a crayfish?
There is so much surface area on the gills because the gills are a “feathery” quality. These layers allows a larger surface area in a smaller volume (surface area-volume ratio) which allows more surface for gas the exchange, therefore gas exchange become faster and more oxygen is absorbed.
5. Draw the digestive system and label the structures food would pass through:
Mouth is where the food enters> then they pass through the esophagus> enters the stomach for digestion> excretes out of anus or metabolic wastes out the green glands
6. Which appendage(s) is used to:
Sensory= compound eye, antennae, antennules
Defense= chelipeds
Mating= Male- pseudopenis Female- modified swimmeretes that hold eggs
To Eat= Cheliped ( to grasp), 6 mouth parts such as the maxillipeds and the mandibles
To Chew= maxiliipeds, mandibles (mouth parts)
To Move backwards= tail
To Move forwards= legs
To swim= swimmeretes, tail
7. How are arthropods more advanced than the other phyla that we have looked at thus far?
Arthropods are more advanced than other phyla because they have more advanced characteristics.They are the first phylum to have an exoskeleton, which provides strength and protection. Also the jointed appendages that are highly specialized and serve great purposes for such things as defence, feeding and locomotion. Segmentations is also specialized more than the early phylum’s, more advanced than in annelids. Excretion is also more advanced in this phylum now metabolic wastes which are malpighian tubes. In classes, we now have the largest class, insecta, which have the ability to fly and express behaviour. Also respiration was introduced in this phylum. Terrestrial arthropods have respirations systems of book lung or tracheal tubs, while marine varieties have gills.
8. Why are the insects so prolific while the crayfish are not?
-their size: don't eat much, can hide, can fly, short life span, sexual reproduction only, evolved social behaviour
15
2. How does the thickness of the exoskeleton around the joint compare with the thickness around the rest of the leg?
The exoskeleton is thinner around the joint compared to the thickness of the rest of the leg because the muscles and tendons need to be more flexible here, allowing the crayfish to flex its appendages, providing a greater range of motion.
3. Circle the correct sex of your crayfish.
My crayfish is Female because the first pair of swimmeretes was petite and not very different from the rest. They had a feathery quality. Also there was ovarian hole present, a structure only found in females.
4. Why is there so much surface area on the gills of a crayfish?
There is so much surface area on the gills because the gills are a “feathery” quality. These layers allows a larger surface area in a smaller volume (surface area-volume ratio) which allows more surface for gas the exchange, therefore gas exchange become faster and more oxygen is absorbed.
5. Draw the digestive system and label the structures food would pass through:
Mouth is where the food enters> then they pass through the esophagus> enters the stomach for digestion> excretes out of anus or metabolic wastes out the green glands
6. Which appendage(s) is used to:
Sensory= compound eye, antennae, antennules
Defense= chelipeds
Mating= Male- pseudopenis Female- modified swimmeretes that hold eggs
To Eat= Cheliped ( to grasp), 6 mouth parts such as the maxillipeds and the mandibles
To Chew= maxiliipeds, mandibles (mouth parts)
To Move backwards= tail
To Move forwards= legs
To swim= swimmeretes, tail
7. How are arthropods more advanced than the other phyla that we have looked at thus far?
Arthropods are more advanced than other phyla because they have more advanced characteristics.They are the first phylum to have an exoskeleton, which provides strength and protection. Also the jointed appendages that are highly specialized and serve great purposes for such things as defence, feeding and locomotion. Segmentations is also specialized more than the early phylum’s, more advanced than in annelids. Excretion is also more advanced in this phylum now metabolic wastes which are malpighian tubes. In classes, we now have the largest class, insecta, which have the ability to fly and express behaviour. Also respiration was introduced in this phylum. Terrestrial arthropods have respirations systems of book lung or tracheal tubs, while marine varieties have gills.
8. Why are the insects so prolific while the crayfish are not?
-their size: don't eat much, can hide, can fly, short life span, sexual reproduction only, evolved social behaviour
Phylum Echinodermata
1. What type of symmetry did your sea star have?
Pentaradial symmetry (divided into 5 parts
2. How many arms or rays does your sea star have?
5 arms or rays
3. What is the upper surface of the starfish called?
The upper surface is the aboral side
1. What is the lower surface of the starfish called?
The lower surface is the oral side (where the mouth is found)
Madreporite where water enter> flows down stone canal> enters ring canals> water goes down lateral canal> --------------------
1. On which surface are these parts of a sea star visible:
A) Mouth: oral surface
B) Madreporite: aboral surface
C) Suckers: Oral surface
D) Oral spines: Oral surface
E) Eyespots: Aboral surface, on the side of the arms
F) Ambulcaral Groove: Oral surface
11. What part of the tube foot creates suction to open clams whenever the sea star feeds?
The part with creates suction to open clam shells is the suction cups and somewhat the ampullas. The ampullas stores the water, and the change of concentration pulls create somewhat current. The suction disks are what really creates the suction. The suckers are pulled upward by muscle in a cup position that sucks food particles up.
12. Why do the gonads sometimes appear larger?
Gonads, part of the reproductive system which creates the gametes sperm and eggs). During the season which most mating occurs, there is more demand for eggs and sperms. Therefore the gonad needs to be larger to accommodate.
13. What type of skeleton, endoskeleton or exoskeleton, does the sea star have?
Starfish have an internal skeleton or endoskeleton.
1. What bony plates make up its skeleton?
The bony plates which make up the skeleton is the ossicles which appear as small rib structures that hold the entire skeleton together.
1. What is the function of the pyloric caeca?
The pyloric caeca is a structure which makes digestive enzymes and store food.
1. Where is the stomach of a sea star located? What can the sea star do with its stomach when feeding on clams & oysters?
The stomach of the sea star is located in the central disk area. When the sea stars feed on clams and oysters, they can invert or take out their stomach in order to feed.